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Chondroitin

Our Overview

The main glycosaminoglycan in cartilage is chondroitin sulphate. It encourages the cartilage to retain water and retain its suppleness, which helps to provide proper stress absorption and sufficient hydration of the tissues that line the joint. Similar to glucosamine, which is frequently included in supplements, chondroitin may also prevent the synthesis of damaging inflammatory mediators for joints.

Chondroitin is only found in animal cartilage, though its precursor glucosamine can be used to make it. Bovine cartilage and shark cartilage are two types of chondroitin sulphate that are commercially available.

A number of human double-blind placebo-controlled studies show that chondroitin has a positive impact on the treatment of arthritic pain. However, a recent study at the University of Montreal was unable to show a meaningful improvement in gait in 71 dogs with osteoarthritis over the course of 60 days using a chondroitin nutraceutical.

According to clinical evidence, some dogs and cats may noticeably benefit from chondroitin supplementation while others may not. Which animals are most likely to react is difficult to predict. Supplementing with chondroitin is usually advised for animals with joint pain due to the potential for benefit and the extremely low risk of any negative side effects.

Background

Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG). The articular cartilage that covers the ends of bones in joints contains CS. The most prevalent GAG in the body, it can be found in many connective tissues. The ability of cartilage to absorb and distribute compressive pressures during locomotion is increased by the way that CS retains nutrients and absorbs water in the cartilage. Moreover, CS increases the formation of hyaluronic acid, stimulates the synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans by chondrocytes (cells in articular cartilage), and inhibits the degradative enzymes that destroy cartilage and synovial fluid. Chondrocytes in articular cartilage produce and secrete CS. One of the only dietary sources of CS is animal cartilage. CS-containing nutritional supplements are therefore derived from animal cartilage, such as bovine trachea or shark and fish cartilage. Despite the fact that CS is a large molecule, studies show that it is absorbed through the digestive system. However, because of their superior bioavailability, low-molecular-weight supplements are preferred when available.

Side Effects

Chondroitin is considered a safe supplement with limited Clinical reports of adverse reactions.

Interactions

Chondroitin is frequently found in glucosamine-containing supplements. Although clinical studies are lacking, laboratory-based data suggest that combining CS and glucosamine produces better results than either alone. Furthermore, preliminary research indicates that co-administration of chondroitin sulphate supplements with platinum-based chemotherapy drugs (such as cisplatin) may reduce kidney toxicity without decreasing chemotherapy efficacy. CS and NSAIDs also have a significant interaction. Patients with OA may require lower NSAID doses, which is advantageous for the patient given the cost and potential adverse reactions associated with NSAID administration.

Indications

  • Manages or prevents Osteoarthritis

Dose Recommendations

The typical dose for dogs weighing more than 22.7 kg is 800 mg every 12-24 hours, and for small and medium-sized dogs and cats, the dose is 200-400 mg every 12-24 hours. In general, CS is not usually the only supplement given to pets suffering from OA. CS is commonly found in joint supplements, along with other ingredients such as glucosamine and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM). Regardless of the other ingredients in the supplement, quality joint supplements should provide these CS doses.

Contraindications

Reduced red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, and platelet counts were observed in canine experiments after 30 days of administration, but these side effects are rarely reported in clinical practise and their significance is unknown. Some preliminary evidence suggests that chondroitin sulphate supplements should be avoided in people (and most likely pets) who are at risk of or have been diagnosed with certain cancers (e.g., prostate). This is due to the fact that non-sulphated chondroitin sulphate is thought to aid in the growth and spread of certain cancer cells. Other joint supplements, such as glucosamine sulphate or hyaluronic acid, can be used safely in patients suffering from these conditions.

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Your experience with Chondroitin

117 Responses

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Further Reading

  1. Stargrove M, Treasure J, McKee D. Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions: clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis (MO): Mosby Elsevier; 2008:725–9.
  2. Pizzorno J, Murray M. Textbook of natural medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis (MO): Churchill Livingstone; 2006:615–6, 1966–7.
  3. Pizzorno J, Murray M, Joiner-Bey H. The clinician’s handbook of natural medicine. 2nd ed. St. Louis (MO): Churchill Livingstone; 2008:559.
  4. Wynn S, Marsden S. Manual of natural veterinary medicine: science and tradition. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; 2003:369.
  5. Messonnier SP. The natural health bible for dogs & cats: your A–Z guide to over 200 herbs, vitamins, and supplements. New York: Three Rivers Press; 2001:14, 181.
  6. Sawitzke AD, Shi H, Finco MF, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety over two years use of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, their combination, celecoxib or placebo taken to treat osteoarthritis of the knee: a GAIT report. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1459–64. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
    pmc/articles/PMC3086604/pdf/nihms267850.pdf. Accessed February 19, 2010.
  7. McNamara PS, Barr SC, Erb HN. Hematologic, hemostatic, and biochemical effects in dogs receiving an oral chondroprotective agent for thirty days. Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1390–4.
  8. Fetrow CW, Avila J. Professional’s handbook of complementary & alternative
    medicines. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
    2004:205–9.
  9. Teng YH, Tan PH, Chia SJ, et al. Increased expression of non-sulfated chondroitin correlates with adverse clinicopathological parameters in prostate cancer. Mod Pathol 2008;21(7):893–901.
  10. Graeser AC, Giller K, Wiegand H, et al. Synergistic chondroprotective effect of alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and selenium as well as glucosamine and chondroitin on oxidant induced cell death and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-3—studies in cultured chondrocytes. Molecules 2009;15:27–39.

Important Notice

The indications provided on this page are suggested uses for each supplement based upon published clinical experience and/or scientific studies. They do not represent as cures or medical treatments and should be treated as advice only. The recommended doses may be provided in human form where dosing for animals has not been established. It is imperative that you understand that this information is provided as guidelines only. You should consult with a registered veterinarian before administering any nutraceutical. Where using a marketed product you should follow the manufacturers instructions.