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Vitamin B12

Our Overview

Vitamin B12 is essential for dogs, as it plays an important role in the formation of red blood cells, neurological function, and the metabolism of proteins and fats. If a dog is deficient in vitamin B12, it can lead to a range of health problems, including anemia, gastrointestinal issues, and neurological problems.

Supplementation of vitamin B12 can be done through injections or oral supplements. Injections are typically administered by a veterinarian, while oral supplements can be given at home. It’s important to follow the recommended dosage guidelines provided by your veterinarian or on the supplement packaging, as excessive amounts of vitamin B12 can also be harmful to dogs.

Vitamin B12 can also be found in many dog foods, especially those formulated for senior dogs or those with gastrointestinal issues. If you are considering supplementing your dog’s diet with vitamin B12, it’s important to consult with your veterinarian first to determine if it is necessary and the appropriate dosage.

Studies have shown that dogs who are deficient in vitamin B12 can experience a range of health problems, including anemia, gastrointestinal issues, and neurological problems. Supplementation of vitamin B12 can help to address these issues and improve overall health and well-being.

Research has also shown that vitamin B12 supplementation can be beneficial for dogs with certain medical conditions, such as gastrointestinal diseases, liver disease, and pancreatic insufficiency. In these cases, supplementation may be necessary to ensure that the dog is getting enough of this essential nutrient.

Background

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for the proper functioning of the body. It is a complex molecule that contains cobalt, and is involved in a range of physiological processes, including the formation of red blood cells, the proper functioning of the nervous system, and the metabolism of proteins and fats.

Vitamin B12 is not produced by the body, so it must be obtained from food or supplements. It is found in a variety of animal-based foods, including meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. However, some individuals may have difficulty absorbing vitamin B12 from their diet due to certain medical conditions, such as gastrointestinal diseases or gastric bypass surgery. In these cases, supplementation may be necessary to ensure that the body is getting enough of this essential nutrient.

Side Effects

Vitamin B12 supplementation is generally safe for dogs when administered at the recommended dosage levels. However, in some cases, dogs may experience side effects from supplementation, particularly if excessive amounts of vitamin B12 are given. Dogs may experience vomiting, diarrhea, or other gastrointestinal symptoms if they receive too much vitamin B12. Some dogs may have an allergic reaction to vitamin B12, which can cause symptoms such as itching, hives, or swelling. In some cases, dogs may become restless or hyperactive after receiving a vitamin B12 injection. In rare cases, dogs may experience difficulty breathing or other respiratory symptoms after receiving a vitamin B12 injection.

Interactions

Vitamin B12 supplementation is generally considered safe and does not typically interact with other drugs. However, there are some medications that may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption or metabolism, potentially leading to a vitamin B12 deficiency.

Indications

  • Anemia
  • Gastrointestinal diseases
  • Liver disease
  • Neurological disorders
  • Aging

Dose Recommendations

The recommended dosage of vitamin B12 for dogs will depend on the individual dog’s needs, as well as the form of supplementation being used.

Contraindications

Vitamin B12 supplementation is generally safe for dogs when administered at the recommended dosage levels. However, there are some situations in which vitamin B12 supplementation may be contraindicated, or not recommended, for dogs. These include:

Hypersensitivity to vitamin B12
Some dogs may have an allergic reaction to vitamin B12, which can cause symptoms such as itching, hives, or swelling. If your dog has a known allergy to vitamin B12, supplementation should be avoided.

Polycythemia
Dogs with polycythemia, a condition characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells, may not require vitamin B12 supplementation, as they are already producing enough red blood cells.

Leber’s disease
In rare cases, dogs with a genetic disorder called Leber’s disease may experience vision loss or other serious complications if they receive vitamin B12 supplementation.

Kidney disease
Dogs with advanced kidney disease may be unable to eliminate excess vitamin B12 from their bodies, leading to toxicity. In these cases, vitamin B12 supplementation should be used with caution and only under the guidance of a veterinarian.

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Further Reading

  1. Fettman MJ, Stanton CA, Banks LL, Hamar DW, Johnson DE, Hegstad RL. Effects of dietary and injectable vitamin B12 supplementation in beagles with and without subclinical cobalamin deficiency. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995 Feb 1;206(3):326-33. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)61842-6. PMID: 7767994.
  2. Heinze CR, Gomez FC. Cobalamin supplementation in dogs with chronic enteropathies and hypocobalaminemia. J Vet Intern Med. 2014 Sep-Oct;28(5):1448-53. doi: 10.1111/jvim.12430. Epub 2014 Jul 30. PMID: 25079523; PMCID: PMC4892761.
  3. Hou Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhu W, Zhao H, Sun Y. Effects of vitamin B12 supplementation on hepatic and intestinal morphology, intestinal inflammatory cytokines, and gut microbial composition in weanling piglets. J Anim Sci. 2019 Nov 1;97(11):4466-4478. doi: 10.1093/jas/skz288. PMID: 31599934.
  4. Lutz S, Sewell AC, Reusch CE, Kook PH. Clinical effectiveness of oral cobalamin supplementation in dogs with chronic enteropathies and hypocobalaminemia. J Vet Intern Med. 2014 Jul-Aug;28(4):1074-9. doi: 10.1111/jvim.12378. Epub 2014 Jun 10. PMID: 24915651; PMCID: PMC4892755.
  5. Zoran DL. Cobalamin supplementation in dogs and cats: unanswered questions. J Vet Intern Med. 2006 Nov-Dec;20(6):1571-3. doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[1571:csidac]2.0.co;2. PMID: 17186816.

Important Notice

The indications provided on this page are suggested uses for each supplement based upon published clinical experience and/or scientific studies. They do not represent as cures or medical treatments and should be treated as advice only. The recommended doses may be provided in human form where dosing for animals has not been established. It is imperative that you understand that this information is provided as guidelines only. You should consult with a registered veterinarian before administering any nutraceutical. Where using a marketed product you should follow the manufacturers instructions.