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Glutamine

Our Overview

Glutamine is an amino acid supplement that is used to prevent and treat stomach and intestinal damage, as well as pancreatic inflammation (pancreatitis). It could help with conditions like parvovirus, bowel disease, and chemotherapy.

There have been few animal studies, but there is anecdotal evidence that glutamine works to treat gastrointestinal damage or pancreatitis. It is probably more effective in pets who are currently very sick and may be malnourished as a result of their illness. In one study of cats with methotrexate-induced intestinal damage, glutamine was found to be no more effective than not using the supplement.

Background

The most abundant amino acid in blood and muscle, glutamine, is a preferred energy source for rapidly dividing cells, particularly those lining the gastrointestinal tract (enterocytes). Glutamine acts as an intermediary for gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from amino acids to provide energy) from skeletal muscle amino acids released during stress.

Glutamine can be obtained through diet or supplementation and is produced by the body from glutamate and ammonia. Animal and plant proteins (for example, meat, fish, dairy products, cabbage, and legumes) are food sources. Supplementation may be required due to increased body needs and during times of stress, such as illness and exercise. Although the terms “glutamine” and “l-glutamine” (one of glutamine’s two forms or “isomers”) are interchangeable, the other isomer, d-glutamine, has no biological activity.

Glutamine stimulates intestinal mucosal growth, decreases mucosal atrophy, serves as a fuel source for enteroctyes, reduces bacterial and toxin translocation across the intestinal mucosa or lining (i.e., reduces “leaky gut syndrome”), regulates acid-base balance by removing ammonia from the blood, regenerates glutathione, reduces muscle protein loss, modulates the immune system by increasing interleukin-6 ( Glutamine has anabolic effects on skeletal muscle and may thus be beneficial as a supplement as part of an exercise regimen. An oral rinse containing glutamine is said to reduce stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth’s membranes, including the gums, tongue, and cheeks) caused by chemotherapy.

Side Effects

Glutamine is considered very safe, even at high doses.

Interactions

None reported.

Indications

  • Helps gastrointestinal diseases
  • Minimizes side effects (e.g., stomatitis, mucositis, gastroenteritis) associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy
  • Supports patients with critical illnesses
  • Helps trauma patients
  • Supplements elite athletes

Dose Recommendations

The typical dose can be between 250 and 3,000 mg per day (divided).

Contraindications

Many anticonvulsants inhibit glutamate activity in the brain. Because glutamine can be converted to glutamate, patients should exercise caution when taking glutamine, especially in high doses, alongside anticonvulsant medications. There is some evidence that increased glutamine levels occur in certain brain diseases, and excess glutamate may act as a stimulant for the growth of malignant brain tumours. Furthermore, glutamine is used by cancer cells in vitro to grow and metastasize. Patients with nerve-damaging, chronic neurological diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis or recent neurological surgeries, such as for brain tumours) are advised to limit their intake of supplemental glutamine to 5-10 g per day until more information is available.

Products containing Glutamine

Your experience with Glutamine

102 Responses

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Further Reading

  1. Pizzorno J, Murray M. Textbook of natural medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis (MO): Churchill Livingstone; 2005:993–9.
  2. Wynn SG, Marsden S. Manual of natural veterinary medicine: science and tradition. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; 2003:163, 204, 190, 194, 204, 399.
  3. Schoen A, Wynn SG. Complementary and alternative veterinary medicine: principles and practice. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; 1998:98, 102.
  4. Broadfoot PJ, Palmquist RE, Jonston K, et al. Integrating complementary medicine into veterinary practice. Goldstein R, ed. Blackwell; 2008:301, 323, 339, 722, 735.
  5. Dharmananda S. Amino acid supplements 1: glutamine. With reference to the
    Related Compound Glutamate.

Important Notice

The indications provided on this page are suggested uses for each supplement based upon published clinical experience and/or scientific studies. They do not represent as cures or medical treatments and should be treated as advice only. The recommended doses may be provided in human form where dosing for animals has not been established. It is imperative that you understand that this information is provided as guidelines only. You should consult with a registered veterinarian before administering any nutraceutical. Where using a marketed product you should follow the manufacturers instructions.